FLAC3D 9 introduces new non-linear structural elements for ground support for beams and piles/rockbolts and for shells, geogrids, and liners. Simple plastic hinges have been supplemented with a numerical integration scheme.
BEAM-TYPE STRUCTURES
The beam-type plastic constitutive models update the internal element forces by integrating the internal stress over the beam volume using a numerical integration scheme.
The plasticity is induced by axial and bending deformations; twisting deformation induces an elastic response.
The beam may have either a rectangular or circular cross section.
Integration points are distributed throughout the volume of the beam elements.
There are three beam plastic constitutive models, each of which is a one-dimensional version of the corresponding 3D model used by the zones:
The plastic constitutive models update the internal element forces by integrating the internal stress over the shell volume using a numerical integration scheme.
There are a group of integration points distributed throughout the volume of each shell element.
There are three shell plastic constitutive models, each of which is a plane-stress version of the corresponding 3D model used by the zones:
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